Reinforced concrete. RC
Blockwork. blk
Brickwork brk
Drawing drg
Full size. FS
Not to scale. NTS
Diameter. dia
Centers. crs
Setting out point. SOP
Setting out line. SOL
Centre line c
Finished floor level. FFL
Structural Floor Level SFL
Existing level. EL
Horizontal. hor
Vertical. ver
A person trained and experienced in the design of buildings and the coordination and supervision of all aspects of the construction of buildings.
An engineer trained in the design and construction of static structures such as buildings, roads,tunnels, and bridges and the control of water and its contaminants.
A registered engineer that majors in structural design.
An experienced daughter that makes structural designs. He or she may not be a registered engineer.
One who makes structural drawings. He may not necessarily be a qualified structural engineer.
A professional who may either be a mining or land surveyor or quantity/building surveyor.
An engineer who specializes in rock mechanics, soil mechanics, foundations, groundwater etc
A civil engineer specialized in road markings, signs, signals, road geometry, traffic flow theory, etc
An engineer specialized in the design and construction of roads and highways.
A person who is skilled in the craft of building with units of natural or artificial mineral products, such as bricks, stones, and cinder blocks, that are usually bonded or cemented with mortar to similar units.
A person who signs a contract to do certain construction work for payment within a specified period of time. He undertakes responsibility for the performance of construction work, including the provision of labor and materials, in accordance with plans and specifications and under a contract specifying cost and schedule for completion of the work
A person skilled in the art and crafts of cutting, shaping and installation of building materials during the construction of buildings, ships, timber bridges, concrete formwork etc.
A person skilled in the art of cutting, bending and placing reinforcement steel.
This is the bind or matrix that binds rock particles and sand grains together in the presence of water to form a solid concrete mass.
The process of injecting cement grout under pressure into cracked rocks to strengthen and make them watertight.
Fluid slurry for injection into joints of brickwork or masonry.
A mixture of sand, stone, water and cement which hardens to a stone like mass. Concrete is used in various civil engineering and building works.
A machine that mixes cement, sand , water and graded rock particles to form concrete in a fast and efficient manner.
A reinforced concrete precast pile driven into the ground.
Pumping machines that can pump concrete at the rate of over 50m³/h to about 500m away or 50m height.
These are standard tests conducted on concrete cubes after 28 days of curing. It is usually done on site to assess the strength of concrete mix.
A road building machine that uniformly spreads concrete or Asphalt poured in front of it.
Concrete structure that is moulded on site and not assembled with precast units.
A gate is an entrance into a fenced building. Gates can be made of wood or steel. However steel is the more common material used. Steel gates are installed supported by steel or concrete columns or both. Because steel gates are heavy, they usually require strong column support.
You might have noticed that gates are mostly installed with fat concrete column supports. But it can also be installed with a leaner steel column. However a gate installed with a fat reinforced concrete column can help resist impact damage than that installed with only a steel column.
Steel gates can be installed with readymade columns made of steel or precast column units. It can also be installed with reinforced concrete columns casted Insitu. This article will briefly discuss how a steel gate can be installed with reinforced concrete columns casted Insitu.
1 The base of the columns is first excavated; it should be at least 300mm deep with length and breadth of at least 1000mm.
2. The base reinforcement is inserted as well as the column reinforcement bars which must be truly vertical.
3. Next the prepared mix concrete is poured inside the excavated column base to the required level.
4. After about an hour when the column base has hardened a little, the gate can be propped in place, making sure that the gate is securely attached to the column reinforcement using the connectors installed with the gate.
5. Next the column formwork is put in place and we’ll propped. Make sure the gate and column formwork is plumb.
6. Pour the already mixed concrete into the column formwork.
7. Wait for at least 7 days before removing props and formwork. The gate should be ready for use after 28days of casting.
Density of Steel = 7850kg/m³
Density = mass / volume
Volume of steel= πr²L, where r is the cross sectional radius of the steel and L is the length of the steel rod
Reinforcing steel for concrete is sold in lengths of 12m.
1 tonne = 1000kg
1m = 1000mm
Calculation:
Cross sectional radius is 12mm /2 = 6mm
Length of steel is 12m, therefore
Volume of steel is πr²L, that is;
3.142×(6/1000)² ×12= 0.001357344m³
Since, Density = mass / volume, it also means that;
Mass = density × volume
That is; 7850kg/m³ ×0.001357344m³
= 10.66kg
Since 1 tonne is 1000kg it implies that 1000kg/ 10.66kg= 93.81 but you will be supplied 93 pieces.
| Floor usage | Distributed load (kN/m²) | Concentrated load (kN) |
| Type 1: self contained dwellings | 1.5 | 1.4 |
| Type 2: Apartment houses, boarding houses, hotels, residential clubs, block of flats . | ||
| Boiler rooms, motor rooms, fan rooms and the like. | 7.5 | 4.5 |
| Communial kitchens, laundries | 3 | 4.5 |
| Dinning, lounges, billiard rooms | 2 | 2.7 |
| Toilet rooms | 2 | |
| Bedroom, dormitories | 1.5 | 1.8 |
| Corridors, stairs, landings, foor bridges, balconies | 3 | 4.5 |
| Type 3: Hotels & Motels | ||
| Boiler rooms, motor rooms, fan rooms and the like. Including weight of machinery | 7.5 | 4.5 |
| Assembly areas without fixed sitting, dancehall bars | 5 | 3.6 |
| Assembly areas with fixed sitting | 4 | |
| Corridors, stairs, hallways, landings, footbridges etc | 4 | 4.5 |
| Kitchens, laundries | 3 | 4.5 |
| Dinning, lounges, billiard rooms | 2 | 2.7 |
| Bedrooms | 2 | 1.8 |
| Toilet rooms | 2 | |
| Balconies | 4 | |