Load Combinations in Reinforced Concrete Design.

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Load combination.

The load combination for reinforced concrete design is 1.4Gk + 1.6Qk where Gk and Qk represent dead and imposed loads respectively. 1.4 and 1.6 is the factor of safety for dead and 1.6 is the factor of safety for imposed loads.

Other local combinations include; 1.2 Gk+1.2Qk+1.2Wk where Wk represents wind load.

For full information on load combinations see table 2.1 page 9 of BS 8110 part 1, 1997.

In reality however, various load combinations of dead, imposed and wind loads should be considered. This is to ensure that the structure is designed for the worst possible case.

Load cases:

While it is ok to load all parts of the structure using 1.4Gk + 1.6Qk­, it is also to be appreciated that theoretically, these loads can vary i.e from 1.0 Gk to 1.4 Gk and 0.0 Qk to 1.6 Qk, in the light of these, various load cases need to be considered to achieve an accurate design.

For example, assuming we are working on a 3 span beam with Gk of 25kN/m and Qk of 10kN/m. It is good practice to consider the following load cases;

Case 1: loaded even spans with 1.4Gk + 1.6Qk­ and odd spans with 1.0Gk.

Even Span Loaded 1
even span loaded 2

Case 2: loaded odd spans with 1.4Gk + 1.6Qk­ and even spans with 1.0Gk.

odd spans loaded 1
odd spans loaded 2

Case 3: All spans with 1.4Gk + 1.6Qk­  

All spans loaded 1
All spans loaded 2

Each load case is analyzed for bending moments and shear forces.

Bending moment diagrams for each load case. (all values in kNm);

CASE 1. (Even spans loaded):

Moment diagram for even span loaded

CASE 2. (Odd spans loaded):

moment diagram for odd spans loaded

CASE 3. (All spans loaded)

moment diagram for all spans loaded

The results of load cases are then compared. So for any beam span, the highest value of bending moment and shear forces of the 3 load cases is taken for design.

Final Result.

Final result

Reference.

Mosley & Bungey, Reinforced concrete design. 5th Ed. Page 30.

BS 8110 part 1, 1997.

Use of Soya Beans in your Local Diet.

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Soya beans

Soya Beans Milk

  1. Pre-soak 0.5kg or 2 cups of soya beans for 9-10 hours.
  2. Remove the skin of the soya beans
  3. Grind/blend into smooth paste
  4. Pour 1-2 litres of water in a bowl and mix thoroughly with the blended soya beans
  5. Pour into a clean porous cloth bag and squeeze to drain the raw soya milk into a cooking bowl. (the shaft is useful to prepare other type of food; keep it).
  6. Put the  raw soay milk to boil under low medium heat for 35-40 minutes
  7. Remove the foam produced at the top of the boil; it be used to make soya egg.
  8. Consume product like cow milk, you can add sugar to taste.

Soya Egg.

  1. Add few drops of vinegar to the foam collected from the milk.
  2. Add salt, tomato and onions then fry with vegetable oil.
  3. End product is like scrambled eggs.

Soya beans shaft.( Uses)

  1. Add  cut onions to the shaft to aggregate
  2. The product now looking like moistened egusi can be added to soup.
  3. Cook well.

Soya Melon.

  1. Soak soya beans in water for 9-10 hours.
  2. Remove the skin and wash thoroughly.
  3. Sun dry.
  4. Grind into semi powder
  5. Add to vegetable soup as you would do with melon.

Fermented Soya Beans (similar to locust beans or IRU).

  1. Put water to boil.
  2. Pour soya beans into boiled water. The boiled water should cover. the soya beans completely. Leave to boil for 1 hour.
  3. Allow boiled beans to cool and remove the beans skin, thereafter; wash thoroughly.
  4. Put the beans into a pot and cover with cold water. Bring to boil and then cook slowly for 2 hours or until the beans tastes like boiled groundnuts.
  5. Drain off excess water.
  6. Line a clean basket with clean flat large leaves. (pawpaw or plantain leaves preferred)
  7. Empty the cooked, hot beans into the basket spread uniformly and cover with the leaves. Cover the basket also with a tray or calabash. Warp with a blanket or jute bag.
  8. Leave the basket in a warm place preferably near a fireplace for 48 hours.
  9. After 48 hours it is ready for use.
  10. (Optional) you can shape the fermented beans into little portions and sundry.

Soya Akara

Recipe:

  1. 1 cup of soya beans.
  2. 2 cups of local beans.
  3. 1 medium sized onions.
  4. Pepper and salt to taste.

Method:

  1. Soak soya beans overnight and wash off the coat thoroughly.
  2. Soak the local beans for 20-30mins and wash off the coat thoroughly.
  3. Grind both type of beans together to a fine paste.
  4. Cut the onions and pepper into fine chips.
  5. Mix the beans with the finely cut onions and pepper.
  6. Deep fry with oil.
  7. Serve.

CoronaVirus

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Coronavirus is a type of virus that causes diseases in animals. In humas it attacks the respiratory system. But letal forms of the disease have developed lately including SARS; Severe acute respiratory syndrome,
MERS; Middle east respiratory syndrome, and currently, COVID- 19; Severe acute respiratory disease, now renamed coronavirus disease 2019.

Coronavirus disease 2019

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is the latest from of the disease to hit the world. It is spreading fast.The disease is known to have been transfered from animals to man.There is presently no drugs to treat or prevent COVID-19 infections.

Symptoms of COVID-19

Symptoms generally start with sneezing, coughing and running nose, and then later complicates to shortness of breadth, pheomonia, kidney failure, fever, diarrhea, decrease of white blood cells, and eventually, death.

How COVID-19 is spread

The disease is spread by small droplets from infected people when they breathe, cough or sneeze.It is important that an infected person covers his or her mouth when coughing or sneezing and doesn’t come in close contact with people to prevent the spread of the disease.

Precautionary measures

WHO has released guidelines to prevent spread of infection which incudes;

  • Covering your mouth when you cough or sneeze,
  • Washing your hands thoroughly especially when you have cold symptoms or in close contact with an infected person.
  • Have meat and eggs well cooked.
  • Not moving close to and infected person.

Incubation period and treatment of COVID-19

The incubation period of the disease is said to be between 2 to 14 days. Some cases of up to 24 days have also been reported. Fatality rate is less than 5% of the number of people infected.For many infected, the disease resolves on its own with the aid of some strong antibiotics, however there is no known drug that can directly treat or prevent the infection at this time.

How to make big Shawarma at home.

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To make shawarma bread, you will need these ingredients; milk, salt, yeast, flour, sugar, water, vegetable oil.

For 300g of flour you need;

  1. 25g of powdered milk.
  2. Very little amount of salt.
  3. 1 teaspoon of sugar.
  4. 1 teaspoon of yeast.
  5. A cup of water.
  6. 2 tablespoon full of vegetable oil.

To prepare the yeast put one teaspoon of yeast powder into a small bowl containing warm water. Stir, then cover the bowl for 30 minutes.

Seive the flour into a bowl.

Add into the flour, one teaspoon of sugar and a very small amount of salt.

 Also add one cap or tablespoon of vegetable oil.

 

Then add 25g or one sachet of powdered milk.

Mix thoroughly.

Then pour the yeast and continue mixing.

Add water into the flour little by little as you mix.

Knead the mixture; to achieve a well kneaded dough, add little dry flour, oil and water as you knead. A well kneaded dough will not stick to your hands or the bowl.

Put the dough into a bowl and cover for 2 hours.

After 2 hours, open the dough, add little flour and oil, then knead again.

Cover the dough again in the bowl for 30 minutes, then it is ready.

To make flat shawarma bread piece, take a very small amount of dough and place on a flat surface that is already sprinkled with flour. Use a roller to flatten out the dough.

Place the thin flat dough into a wide frying pan. Make sure small amount of flour has been sprinkled on the cooking surface of the frying pan. Cook on low heat until done, the process takes about 5 minutes.

Shawarma fill ingredients include; cabbage, carrot, mayonnaise, beef, sausage and sweet corn.

Cut the beef into small pieces.

Add spices and put in refrigerator for 2 hours.

Fry the beef and sausage.

Cut the cabbage and carrot into small pieces.

In a bowl, mix the same amount of cabbage, carrot and sweet corn with mayonnaise.

Place one shawarma bread into a plate and place its surface with mayonnaise.

Put some vegetable mixture, then some fried beef and sausage.

Roll the bread.

Cook for a minute on very low heat.

Shawarma is ready.

How to take a screenshot of information contained on your laptop/desktop screen using snipping tool.

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Snipping tool is a software created by Microsoft to take screenshots of what is visible on your laptop screen. It’s been available for a while.

The software comes bundled with windows 10 operating system.

For more information, you can Google up “snipping tool” and get more information about the software on Microsoft support website.

Now on how to use it;

Type “snipping tool” on the operating system search bar to bring up the software, then click to activate.

Make visible on your laptop screen, information you want to capture.

Bring up snipping tool if necessary, then under mode, select “full screen snip”, immediately a screenshot of the whole laptop screen is captured. You have various editing options before finally saving the file.

To take screenshot of a part of what is shown on your laptop screen; under “mode”, selected “rectangular snip” then select the area you want to save.

To watch video on how to use this tool click this youtube link.